In pockets of the United States, psychedelic mushrooms — or magic mushrooms, shrooms, mushies, as they are known colloquially — are slowly gaining mainstream acceptance. Oregon legalized psilocybin (the active chemical in mushrooms) for people over 21 in November 2020, and Denver decriminalized magic mushrooms in 2019. California cities Oakland and Santa Cruz decriminalized shrooms in 2019 as well — the same year that the Food and Drug Administration listed psilocybin therapy as a “breakthrough therapy” for depression.
Yet people who partake in the US are just the most modern instance in a long history of humans from all corners of the globe exploring the benefits of magic mushrooms. In fact, in just about every place there are humans, there have been shrooms.
A paper published in 2005 in the International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms (IJMM) lists 144 hallucinogenic species of mushrooms, though other sources claim there are as many as 180 different types. The geographic diversity is just as impressive as the sheer number. The IJMM paper lists more than 50 species in Latin America and the Caribbean, and more than 20 in Canada and the US. On the other side of the oceans, Europe has 16 native magic mushroom varieties while Asia has 15, Africa has four, and Australia and some nearby Pacific islands are home to 19.
These mushrooms all have two things in common: the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin. While more research needs to be done, early tests show the duo can boost brain connectivity and bind with the body’s serotonin connectors. The exact effects and the lived experience of what it’s like to take magic mushrooms vary, but many users report feeling euphoria and spiritual connections.
No matter where you are on Earth, you can probably find shrooms growing in the wild.
The historical use of magic mushrooms
It’s not hard to find stories that promote the historical accounts of ancient civilizations that use magic mushrooms, but you might not want to trust everything you read. Psychedelics may not have been as prevalent as all of the stories make it seem, as detailed in a Vice story by Manvir Singh, who writes that modern stories about centuries-old psychedelics use in Central and South America are often exaggerated or fabricated for tourists.
Still, there’s no denying that there’s evidence of early cultures eating magic mushrooms around the world. Rock paintings from 7,000 to 9,000 years ago that appear to depict psychedelic mushrooms have been found in the Sahara Desert, according to research printed in the Journal of Mind-moving Plants and Culture in 1992. The research also cites theories of magic mushrooms appearing in Bronze Age-era cave paintings in what is now Sweden, as well as in paintings in Siberia from the neolithic period around 4,500 BCE.
It’s impossible to know how users of magic mushrooms and other drugs were regarded by ancient cultures. The evidence, however, suggests that the natural psychedelics were used for spiritual practices more than recreation.
Where popular types of magic mushrooms grow today
Photo: Aleksandr Kurganov/Shutterstock
One of the most ubiquitous, and therefore one of the most popular, types of psychoactive mushrooms is Psilocybe cubensis, according to Psilopedia. Former vice president of J.P. Morgan Chase popularized the strain in the US in 1957 after writing a story for Life magazine about an experience he had in Oaxaca, Mexico. It just so happened that the strain is both easy to find in nature and easy to cultivate at home. Man-made strains like Penis Envy and Pink Buffalo can result in much higher quantities of psychoactive compounds according to Double Blind.
Chances are high that if you’re presented with mushrooms today they will be cultivated rather than gathered. This is especially true if you’re not consuming them in the small harvest window required by many wild varieties. That doesn’t mean naturally occurring mushrooms aren’t waiting to be found by the right person, however (and the right person, meaning a person with expert knowledge in foraging and wild plant species, is important, considering many magic mushroom varieties are similar in appearance to mushrooms that can kill you or make you extremely ill).
The website Psilopedia lists Psilocybe semilanceata (commonly known as Liberty Caps) as the most widespread and the most potent variety of magic mushroom. It’s native to Europe and grows in acidic soil, which is also perfect for lawns — which might explain its prolific growth. Liberty Caps are also found in the Pacific Northwest and parts of northeastern Canada, as well as Chile and New Zealand.
Other popular types of magic mushrooms have a more limited natural range, according to Double Blind. Psilocybe azurescens (Flying Saucer mushrooms) are found almost exclusively in the Pacific Northwest, for example, while Psilocybe mexicana thrives in the high-altitude Mexican states of Oaxaca, Pueblo, and Michoacan.
Psilocybe caerulescens (or Landslide mushrooms) come from Mexico’s Sierra Madre mountains as well as Venezuela and Brazil, while Psilocybe stuntzii (Blue Ringer) is only found on the west coast of the US and Canada. Psilocybe caerulipes (Blue Foot mushrooms) grow on dead wood in the East and Midwestern US.
The list of varieties that can be found in nature on multiple continents is just as long as the list those that are specific to a certain region and environment. Psilocybe cyanescens (Wavy Caps), for example, grows on wood debris. The previously mentioned Psilocybe cubensis can be found from North America to South America, as well as in Australia and Southeast Asia — often growing on dung.
A local variety of magic mushrooms will likely be ripe for the picking in the nature around you, wherever you’re traveling. Whether or not you can legally eat said mushrooms, however, is a different story, so be sure you’re aware of local laws before partaking.
The post The wide world of magic mushrooms: Here’s where they’re really from appeared first on Matador Network.
No comments:
Post a Comment